Web of Teachers: Inderscience Research is an international journal which publishes the research related to the teachers, teaching, teacher education and educational practices in perspective of international standards and context. The journal focuses on early childhood through high school (secondary education), teacher preparation, along with higher education concerning teacher professional development and/or teacher education. The journal is a multidisciplinary journal committed to no single approach, discipline, methodology, or paradigm. The journal welcomes varied approaches (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) to empirical research; also publishing high quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Manuscripts should enhance, build upon, and/or extend the boundaries of theory, research, and/or practice in teaching and teacher education. Web of Teachers: Inderscience Research is an open access, peer reviewed, monthly journal for the teachers, upcoming teachers and educators. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-379X IFSIJ JIF: 7.995 Journal Abbreviation: Web teach.
A CONTEMPORARY COMPETENCY-BASED MODEL FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PROFILE OF A PROSPECTIVE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER
This study examines the professional competency framework of prospective primary school teachers from a scientific and pedagogical perspective. Drawing on contemporary educational theory, the article analyzes the key directions of a teacher’s professional activity, including psychological readiness, communicative competence, and pedagogical creativity. The study identifies the qualification criteria essential for effective practice within the primary education system and proposes a structured competency model aligned with the demands of globalization and digital transformation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the professional development pathways, personal attributes, and strategic role of the future primary school teacher in the educational process. Practical recommendations for higher education institutions are also provided.
Teacher professional profile; competency framework; pedagogical skills; primary education; teacher training; motivation; communicative competence; innovative pedagogy.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BIOPHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF APHTHAE FORMATION IN THE ORAL MUCOSA
This article analyzes the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms of aphthae formation in the oral mucosa. The structural characteristics of epithelial cells, microbial colonization, immunological response reactions, and the role of inflammatory mediators are scientifically discussed. In addition, the possibilities of mathematical modeling of cellular dynamics and the pathogenesis of the aphthous process are considered.
Aphthous stomatitis, epithelium, biophysics, biochemistry, inflammation, cytokines, Candida albicans, mathematical model, immune response.
ISSUES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION IN THE TEACHING OF SPECIALIZED ACADEMIC SUBJECTS
The reforms being implemented in the field of education in our republic necessitate the full informatization of the education system, the revision of traditional teaching content, the integration of academic disciplines, and the organization of instruction based on the effective use of modern pedagogical technologies. In turn, this creates the need to establish a unified information and educational environment within educational institutions, to develop and effectively utilize information databases, and to improve educational and regulatory documents on the basis of interdisciplinary integration.
Integration, In pedagogical dictionaries, Inter-subject relationships, Continuity, schematic table of interrelationships
SOCIAL FACTORS OF DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
This article reflects the social processes related to the role of the idea of democracy in the social factors of democratization and sustainable development of society, the protection of national interests in international socio-political relations, the fact that this responsibility is assigned to the main political institution of society - the state - and is enshrined in its Constitution, the process of satisfying the needs of states within the system of international relations, and the basis for implementing the strategic goals of protecting national interests.
International relations, political institution, the idea of democracy, international relations of states, democratization of society, integration into the world, foreign policy of states, environmental security, ideological security, information security, socio-economic well-being, ensuring state sovereignty.
UZBEKISTAN PARA SPORTS MOVEMENT HISTORY AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
This article comprehensively studies the role of people with disabilities in Paralympic competitions and the historical development of the para sports movement in Uzbekistan from 1991 to the present. The study analyzes the global history of the Paralympic movement, the dynamics of Uzbekistan's participation in international competitions, the socio-psychological role of athletes with disabilities, and the evolution of state policy in this area. Based on regulatory legal documents, reports of the International Paralympic Committee, and scientific literature, three historical stages of Uzbek para sports are distinguished. The article shows that athletes with disabilities are not only participants in Paralympic competitions who demonstrate sports results, but also are active catalysts for social change in society.
Paralympics, people with disabilities, para sports, Uzbekistan, history of sports, social integration, rehabilitation, period of independence, national identity, inclusive society.
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESSES
The importance of small business in ensuring economic growth and sustainable development in the world economy is growing. This sector has a positive impact on solving such issues as strengthening the competitiveness of the economies of developed countries, introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress into production, creating new jobs and increasing the income of the population. The article presents theoretical approaches to assessing the sustainable development of small business reviewed.
Sustainable development, indicator approach, financial, social, environmental indicators, liquidity ratios, debt burden, profitability, cash flows.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON YOUTH UPBRINGING
This article is devoted to an in-depth scientific, pedagogical, and sociological analysis of the impact of innovative approaches introduced in the system of educational and enlightenment organizations on the upbringing of youth, their spiritual and moral character, and social activity. The research reveals the necessity of transitioning from traditional upbringing methods to interactive, digital, and psychologically grounded new methods in modern educational institutions. In particular, innovative technologies such as gamification, intellectual tournaments, project-based learning, and the humanization of administrative relations are analyzed. The article details international and national experiences, including the practice of organizing the socio-cultural life of students in higher educational institutions, and develops scientifically based proposals for forming responsibility and values among the youth.
Innovative approach, educational organizations, youth upbringing, gamification, intellectual games, social activity, student attendance, psychological motivation.
THE ARAL SEA PROBLEM AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
The desiccation of the Aral Sea represents one of the most catastrophic anthropogenic environmental disasters of the modern era. Formerly the world's fourth-largest inland body of water, the sea has shrunk to less than 10% of its original surface area within six decades. This study investigates the systemic ecological degradation of the Aral Sea basin, driven by Soviet-era macroeconomic cotton-monoculture planning and exacerbated by contemporary water management paradigms. Utilizing a comprehensive mixed-methods approach integrating satellite remote sensing analysis, historical hydrometric data, and synthesis of regional socio-economic reports, we trace the evolutionary collapse of the lacustrine ecosystem.
Aral Sea Desiccation, Anthropogenic Deserts, Aralkum, Transboundary Water Management, Eco-hydrology, Central Asia.
TEACHING THE RUSSIAN VERB SYSTEM TO NATIVE UZBEK SPEAKERS USING INTER-LINGUISTIC AND INTRA-LINGUISTIC ANALOGIES
This article examines the teaching of the Russian verb system to native Uzbek speakers using inter-lingual and intra-lingual analogies. A classification of Russian verbs, organized into models, is proposed, along with a system of exercises to facilitate the acquisition of Russian verbs in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language, covering linguistic, speech, and communicative aspects at the initial stage of learning.
System, Russian verb, verb modeling, Russian as a foreign language, aspects: linguistic, speech, and communicative, system of exercises, translation direction.
NOUN. NUMERALS. CONJUGATION OF IMPERFECT VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION IN THE PRESENT TENSE. LEXICAL TOPIC: INTERESTS AND PLANS. MY DAY
This article presents the development of a practical lesson based on the developed methodology for first-year students majoring in "Theory and Practice of Translation (English)" at the Alisher Navoiy Tashkent State University of the Uzbek Language and Literature. The goal of the lesson is to repeatedly practice verbs that are conjugated by analogy, which facilitates rapid understanding and memorization, as well as active use of these verbs in oral and written communication.
Verb, noun, cardinal numbers, intra-lingual analogies, inter-lingual analogies, lexical topic, consolidation, memorization, reflection.
A LEVEL-BASED EXERCISE SYSTEM FOR DEVELOPING PHILOLOGY STUDENTS’ READING COMPETENCE THROUGH ICT TOOLS
The article examines a level-based exercise system for developing reading competence among philology students through ICT tools. The proposed model includes five stages: Focusing, On the Line, Between the Lines, Beyond the Lines, and Reflection. The study argues that this sequence supports students’ gradual movement from literal comprehension to inferential, critical, and reflective reading.
Reading competence; level-based exercises; ICT; strategic reading; English language; philology students; inference; critical reading; reflection; digital learning.
EPISTEMOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF THINKING STYLE AND SCIENTIFIC COGNITION
Throughout the course of human history, there exists a fundamental connection between thought and reality. Specifically, the nexus of this relationship lies in social practices that shape the logical frameworks and principles of thought. Individuals acquire knowledge about their surroundings through emotional cognitive processes, yet this has occasionally resulted in misconceptions, such as the belief in a flat Earth or the geocentric model of the solar system. These misconceptions often led to skepticism towards sensory information, with rationalists downplaying the significance of sensory organs in cognition and emphasizing the primacy of thought. Conversely, proponents of empiricism in philosophy contested this perspective, arguing that excessive reliance on thought can introduce errors in understanding.
Rationalists, empiricism, emotional cognition, way of thinking, cognitive process, dialectics.
THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
This article explores the use of digital technologies in teaching English in vocational education. In the modern educational environment, digital tools have become an essential part of language teaching and learning. They help teachers organize interactive lessons, develop students’ communicative competence, improve listening and speaking skills, and connect English language learning with professional training. The article focuses on the role of digital platforms, multimedia resources, mobile applications, online dictionaries, artificial intelligence tools, and project-based digital activities in English lessons. Special attention is given to Uzbek-speaking students in vocational institutions, who need practical and profession-oriented English for their future careers. The article concludes that the effective use of digital technologies can increase students’ motivation, individualize learning, and improve the quality of English language education in vocational institutions.
Digital technologies, English language teaching, vocational education, Uzbek-speaking students, communicative competence, online learning, artificial intelligence, professional English, digital literacy.
TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN MIXED-LEVEL GROUPS: CHALLENGES AND PRACTICAL METHODOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Teaching foreign languages in mixed-level groups is a common reality in many educational settings. In one classroom, teachers often work with learners who differ in language proficiency, learning pace, motivation, confidence, background knowledge, and communicative ability. Such diversity creates both challenges and opportunities. Lower-level learners may feel anxious or discouraged, while more advanced students may lose interest if the lesson does not challenge them enough. For this reason, traditional one-size-fits-all teaching is often ineffective in mixed-level language classrooms. This article discusses the main challenges of teaching foreign languages in mixed-level groups and offers practical methodological solutions based on modern educational research. It draws on differentiated instruction, sociocultural theory, scaffolding, task-based language teaching, flexible grouping, peer learning, formative assessment, feedback, and technology-supported learning. The article argues that mixed-level classrooms should not be treated only as a difficulty, but also as a productive space where learner diversity can be used as a resource for more inclusive and effective language teaching.
Mixed-level classroom, mixed-ability classroom, foreign language teaching, differentiated instruction, scaffolding, task-based learning, peer learning, formative assessment.
THE ROLE OF INTEGRATED EDUCATION, ONLINE PLATFORMS, AND DIGITAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS IN TRAINING SPECIALISTS IN RADIATION DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY
This article analyzes the role of integrated education, modern online learning platforms, and digital assessment systems in the training of specialists in radiation diagnostics and therapy. The study highlights the advantages of integrating radiology, radiation therapy, and radiation safety disciplines, the effectiveness of distance learning technologies, and modern approaches to digital assessment and monitoring of student performance. The importance of e-learning platforms and digital evaluation systems in developing professional competencies is also emphasized.
Radiation diagnostics, radiation therapy, integrated education, radiology, online platforms, distance learning, digital assessment, monitoring system, medical education, professional competence.
SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF COLOR-BASED METAPHORS AND THEIR RENDERING IN TRANSLATION
Color-based metaphors represent a fundamental aspect of human cognition, structuring abstract concepts through sensory experiences of color. This study addresses the challenges of semantic transformations in color metaphors during translation, highlighting how cultural and linguistic differences affect their rendering. Drawing on cognitive metaphor theory, the research employs comparative analysis of English color metaphors and their equivalents or adaptations in Uzbek and other languages, supplemented by examples from literary and corpus data. The analysis reveals that while universal mappings (e.g., RED for anger or danger) facilitate direct transfer, culture-specific associations often require semantic shifts, substitution, or explicitation to preserve pragmatic impact. Effective translation of color metaphors demands cognitive awareness and contextual sensitivity, balancing fidelity to source meaning with target-culture acceptability. This contributes to improved translation strategies in cross-linguistic communication
Color metaphors, semantic transformation, metaphor translation, cognitive linguistics, cross-cultural adaptation.
MODERN MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
Today, the development of the preschool education system is one of the priorities of state policy. Because it is during the preschool years that a child's intellectual potential, worldview, spiritual values, and social skills are formed. In this regard, the Presidential Decree No. PF-19 of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 5, 2026 is an important document aimed at radically modernizing the preschool education system, introducing international experience, and creating a quality educational environment.
Digital resource, Educational platforms, learning programs, multimedia tools, virtual teaching, game-based learning, social networks
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF THE USE OF DIGITAL PEDAGOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN TECHNICAL SCHOOLS
This article covers the theoretical and practical foundations of improving the effectiveness of education in technical schools through digital pedagogy, artificial intelligence tools, LMS platforms, virtual laboratories, digital assessment, and cooperation with employers. The research was conducted based on world experience - UNESCO-UNEVOC, UNESCO–World Bank–ILO joint analyses, OECD, World Bank, and the practice of advanced countries. The article developed a digital competency model for a technical school teacher, stages of implementing an innovative lesson, a comparative analysis of international experience, and practical recommendations for Uzbekistan. As a result, an 8-component digital pedagogy ecosystem, a 5-block teacher competency model, and a 6-stage lesson design were proposed to improve the quality of education in technical schools. The results of the research are of scientific and practical importance in improving the skills of teachers in the vocational education system, modernizing lessons, and strengthening integration with labor market requirements.
Technical school, TVET, digital pedagogy, artificial intelligence, LMS, virtual laboratory, teacher competence, dual education, digital assessment, pedagogical innovation.
MODEL AND INTERACTIVE METHODS OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS' CREATIVITY IN COMPOSITION
The article presents a model for developing students' creativity through modern methodologies in teaching composition. The four-block pedagogical model architecture (motivational-purposive, content, procedural-technological, result-diagnostic), didactic capabilities of interactive methods, and integration of Western and Eastern pedagogical approaches are covered. Research findings scientifically substantiate the role of interactive methods (visual framing, case studies, reconstruction, brainstorming, reflective discussion) in developing compositional creativity.
Composition, creativity, pedagogical model, interactive methods, visual thinking, project-based learning, integrative approach.
THE SENTENCE AND ITS INTONATIONAL AND PUNCTUATION FEATURES
This article reveals the socio-historical foundations of the formation of punctuation and sentence structure.
Punctuation, intonation, frequency punctuation marks.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION: INTEGRATING VR AND AR INTO MODERN PEDAGOGY
The modern educational paradigm increasingly competes with the immersive entertainment sector, necessitating novel pedagogical frameworks to sustain student engagement. Driven by rapid advancements in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), this paper examines the integration of immersive technologies into school and university curricula. We propose a systematic framework that merges gamification with academic instruction to optimize cognitive retention. This study classifies VR/AR applications based on four distinct pedagogical scenarios—Linear, Interconnected, Creative Generation, and Collaborative Consolidation—and analyzes four primary implementation formats: in-person, distance, hybrid, and self-education. Special emphasis is placed on applying these technologies to foreign language acquisition and humanities. Finally, the paper discusses current technical and pedagogical challenges, offering strategic recommendations for future institutional adoption.
Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Immersive Learning, Blended Learning, Pedagogical Scenarios, Multimedia Education.
AI-DRIVEN TECHNOLOGIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW OF UZBEKISTAN AND KAZAKHSTAN
The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is reshaping educational landscapes worldwide, with significant implications for foreign language education in emerging economies. This review article examines the integration of AI-driven technologies in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and broader foreign language education within the higher education systems of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, framed within the context of Sustainable Development. Drawing upon a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature published between 2021 and 2026, this article evaluates the pedagogical potential of tools such as ChatGPT, Grammarly, Duolingo Max, adaptive learning platforms, and AI-powered speech recognition systems. The review highlights how these technologies foster learner autonomy, communicative competence, and personalized learning, while also addressing critical challenges including the digital divide, ethical considerations, academic integrity, and teacher preparedness. Comparatively analyzing national digitalization policies and AI implementation initiatives in both countries, the article argues that sustainable AI integration requires coordinated investment in infrastructure, teacher professional development, and ethical governance frameworks. The findings carry substantial implications for policymakers, curriculum designers, and language educators across Central Asia.
Artificial intelligence in education, foreign language learning, sustainable development, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), digital pedagogy, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan.
THE ROLE OF ADAPTIVE LEARNING IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article examines adaptive learning. It defines and explains the reasons for adapting learning to the student. It also describes in detail the use of adaptive learning in the educational system, its implementation, and the results.
adaptation, implementation, education, effectiveness, program, individuality, resources, motivation, individuality.
INTERACTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING RUSSIAN TO STUDENTS OF NON-LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITIES
This article examines the specific features and application of interactive methods for teaching foreign languages in higher education institutions. It also explores the feasibility of using interactive methods such as "Brownian Movement," which can make lessons more diverse, enabling students to demonstrate verbal independence, and develop their communication and speaking skills.
Language competence; interactive method; interactive learning; interactive teaching technologies.
ADVANTAGES OF USING PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING PLANT PROTECTION SCIENCE
The article discusses the theoretical and practical possibilities of using modern pedagogical technologies in teaching plant protection science. The effectiveness of interactive methods - problem-based learning, cluster, conceptual map, laboratory modeling, STEAM approach, digital simulators, game technologies and competency-based tasks is scientifically analyzed. Also, 9 educational games that can be used in such areas as phytopathology, entomology, and weed control are given with a methodological description.
Pedagogical technologies, plant protection, STEAM, simulator, interactive games, phytopathology, entomology, competence.
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEUROGYMNASTICS METHODOLOGY IN CORRECTIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION
This article presents a scientific examination of the theoretical foundations, practical application, and effectiveness of the neurogymnastics — or "brain gym" — methodology in corrective-developmental education. The influence of cerebral hemisphere asymmetry and interhemispheric integration problems on the educational process is analyzed. The role of a movement exercise system, developed on the basis of Paul Dennison's methodology, in correcting speech and cognitive disorders is substantiated. The article also outlines the diagnostic indicators of interhemispheric dysfunction and the methodological principles of corrective intervention.
neurogymnastics, brain gym, interhemispheric integration, corrective pedagogy, speech disorders, Paul Dennison, sensory integration, myelination, frontal lobes, movement therapy.
METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING MODERN METHODS OF ORGANIZING INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article discusses the methodology for using interactive methods and graphic organizers in organizing independent work of students in inorganic chemistry in higher pedagogical educational institutions. The impact of such methods as “FSMU”, “Insert”, “Charkhpalak”, “Cluster”, “BBB” on the effectiveness of independent learning is analyzed. The results of the study showed that interactive methods develop students' skills of independent thinking, analysis and deep assimilation of knowledge.
Independent learning, inorganic chemistry, interactive methods, graphic organizers, FSMU, cluster, pedagogical technology, credit-module system.
APPLICATIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN MODERN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES
Maxwell's equations are the mathematical foundation of classical electromagnetism and describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated, interact, and propagate through matter. In modern medicine, these equations are not only theoretical principles but also practical tools used in the design, optimization, and safety evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroporation-based therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and biomedical monitoring systems all depend on electromagnetic field behavior in biological tissues. This article analyzes the role of Maxwell's equations in selected medical technologies, explains the relevant physical mechanisms, and summarizes their biomedical significance through equations and comparative tables. The analysis shows that Maxwell's equations support image formation, neural stimulation, controlled tissue heating, targeted intracellular delivery, and medical device safety assessment. Therefore, electromagnetic theory remains essential for the development of accurate, safe, and effective medical technologies.
Maxwell's equations; medical technology; MRI; electromagnetic fields; transcranial magnetic stimulation; electroporation; radiofrequency ablation.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE IN FUTURE BIOLOGY TEACHERS
The modernization of the educational system and the growing demand for high-quality science education require the development of professional competence among future biology teachers. This study examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of professional competence development in pre-service biology teachers within higher pedagogical education. The research is based on competence-based, integrative, personality-oriented, and activity-based approaches. The article analyzes the structure of professional competence, including cognitive, methodological, communicative, digital, and research competencies necessary for biology teachers in contemporary education. Qualitative and theoretical methods such as comparative analysis, synthesis, pedagogical observation, and interpretation of scientific literature were employed. The findings reveal that the effective formation of professional competence depends on interdisciplinary integration, innovative teaching technologies, reflective practice, and continuous pedagogical training. The study highlights the importance of methodological preparedness and practical orientation in teacher education programs. The results contribute to improving pedagogical strategies for preparing competitive and professionally competent biology teachers capable of meeting international educational standards.
Professional competence, biology teacher education, pedagogical competence, methodological foundations, competence-based approach, future biology teachers, higher education.
THE INVISIBLE ARCHITECTS: THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN SUSTAINING AND SHAPING BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is conventionally measured by the variety of plants, animals, and fungi visible to the naked eye. Yet this macroscopic perspective captures only a fraction of the living world. The true breadth of biological diversity resides in the microscopic realm of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses—organisms that have governed Earth’s chemistry for billions of years and continue to underpin the existence of all larger life forms. Despite their invisibility, microorganisms are far more than a passive background; they are the principal architects of the biosphere. This thesis argues that microorganisms serve as the fundamental drivers of biodiversity through four interrelated roles: they operate the global biogeochemical cycles that sustain life, they form obligate symbiotic relationships that enable the evolution and diversification of multicellular organisms, they act as powerful evolutionary catalysts that continuously generate genetic novelty, and they confer resilience to ecosystems facing environmental perturbation. A comprehensive understanding of biodiversity therefore demands that microorganisms be placed at its very center.