Web of Medicine: Journal of Medicine, Practice and Nursing
Web of Medicine: Journal of Medicine, Practice and Nursing is an international medium for dissemination of original results and interpretative reviews concerning the field of medicine, medical practices and nursing. The journal emphasizes the evaluation of systems in healthcare settings. The scope of journal covers: Information systems, including national or international registration systems, hospital information systems, departmental and/or physician's office systems, document handling systems, electronic medical record systems, standardization, systems integration etc.; Computer-aided medical decision support systems using heuristic, data structure, algorithms, statistical methods as exemplified in decision theory, protocol development, artificial intelligence and, machine learning studies among other techniques to new knowledge discovering. Educational computer-based programs pertaining to medical informatics or medicine in general; Organizational, economic, social, clinical impact, ethical and cost-benefit aspects of IT applications in health care. Essential practice, management, education and health promotion skills required by medical and nursing professionals. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3765 IFSIJ JIF: 7.555 Journal Abbreviation: Web med.
ALLERGIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN: RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Allergic dermatitis in children is one of the most common forms of allergic skin diseases, characterized by inflammatory skin changes, itching, and increased sensitivity of the body to various allergens. The disease significantly affects the quality of life of children and may lead to sleep disturbances, emotional disorders, and an increased risk of developing other allergic conditions. This article discusses the main causes of allergic dermatitis in children, the characteristics of its clinical course, and modern approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Particular attention is paid to the role of hereditary predisposition, food allergens, and household allergens in the development of the disease.
Allergic dermatitis, children, allergy, skin diseases, allergens, atopic dermatitis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, immune system.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
IMPROVING NURSING EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF CURRENT CHALLENGES AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Nursing education plays a critical role in strengthening healthcare systems and improving patient outcomes. As healthcare needs become increasingly complex, the demand for highly qualified nursing professionals continues to grow worldwide. Uzbekistan has undertaken substantial healthcare reforms since gaining independence; however, challenges remain in the development of nursing education and workforce competencies. This literature review examines the current state of nursing education in Uzbekistan based on the report *Improving Nursing Education in the Republic of Uzbekistan and explores international experiences, particularly those of the Republic of Korea. The review identifies major challenges related to educational standards, curriculum quality, clinical training, and professional development. Furthermore, it discusses potential strategies for modernizing nursing education and aligning it with international standards. The findings suggest that strengthening higher nursing education, implementing accreditation systems, enhancing clinical practice opportunities, and expanding advanced nursing roles are essential for improving healthcare quality and nursing professionalism in Uzbekistan.
Nursing education, nursing workforce, healthcare reform, Uzbekistan, nursing competency, higher education, Republic of Korea.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUE CERVICAL EROSION (EROSIO VERA) BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
True cervical erosion (erosio vera) is characterized by denudation of the cervical epithelium with stromal exposure, but detailed SEM characterization remains limited. This study provides qualitative and quantitative SEM analysis of microrelief, cellular morphology, intercellular interactions, and vascular changes across clinical stages. Cervical tissue from 7 patients (mean age 43.6±7.2 years) was processed for SEM and evaluated for seven ultrastructural parameters with quantitative morphometry via ImageJ. True cervical erosion showed a well-demarcated epithelial defect (mean depth 25±5 μm) with sharp margins. The defect base consistently (100%) revealed exposed stroma with fibrin threads and erythrocytes in various hemolysis stages, with active thrombus formation in all cases. Cellular polymorphism was absent (0%), plasmolemma remained intact outside the defect zone (14.3% minimal peri-lesional changes), intercellular connections were completely preserved (0% disruption), and epithelial stratification was undisturbed. Erythrocyte poikilocytosis with pre-hemolytic forms was marked, and diapedetic hemorrhages beyond the defect margin occurred in 60% of cases. Healing erosions showed fibrin sheets with early re-epithelialization. Comparison with CIN I lesions (n=10) revealed significant differences in cellular polymorphism (0% vs 80%, p<0.001), plasmolemma disruption (14.3% vs 50%, p=0.04), and intercellular connection integrity (0% vs 40% disruption, p=0.006). SEM provides definitive ultrastructural criteria for distinguishing true cervical erosion from CIN I: a sharply demarcated epithelial defect with thrombus formation, absent cellular atypia, preserved intercellular architecture, and intact stratification.
True cervical erosion, scanning electron microscopy, ultrastructure, cervical epithelium, erosio vera, microrelief, thrombus formation, fibrin, differential diagnosis.
A MODERN VIEW OF THE CYLINIC COURSE OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN CORONAVIRUS INFECTION
The disease occurs predominantly in young and middle-aged individuals and leads to early disability of patients, which in turn determines the social significance and relevance of the problem. COVID-19 infection has caused new features of the course of RA, which determines the medical and social relevance of studying the problem. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a rheumatological disease accompanied by joint syndrome, functionally characterized by erosive damage and destruction of joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis, COVID-19 infection, muscle and joint damage, immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
THE RELEVANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AND ITS IMPACT ON HEALTH
Heart failure is a syndrome caused by decompensated myocardial dysfunction. It is characterized by an increase in interstitial fluid volume and decreased organ and tissue perfusion. The pathophysiological basis of this syndrome is the inability of the heart to meet metabolic demands. It often develops as a complication of previous or ongoing illnesses that damage the heart muscle or place additional strain on it. In addition to the most common causes, there are other causes of heart failure. These include abnormal pressure in the heart's blood vessels, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, heart muscle disease, and arrhythmia. Heart failure is sometimes a complication of other organ diseases, including those affecting or damaging the heart muscle. The most common cause of chronic heart failure is coronary artery disease. Heart failure can develop at any age, but is most common in older adults.
Chronic heart failure, coronary heart disease, prevalence, mortality, left ventricular dysfunction, dyspnea, healthy lifestyle, prevention, physical activity, prognosis.
RELEVANCE OF THE MODERN VIEW ON IMPROVING THE GENERAL HEALTH OF THE POPULATION
Healthcare in Uzbekistan is one of the most important medical and social functions of the state, and the basic legislation in the field of healthcare. Improving the overall health of the population is one of the key objectives of modern healthcare systems. Preventive medicine is a set of medical and social measures aimed at protecting and improving public health, preventing disease, and eliminating risk factors for their occurrence. It includes both medical measures and the creation of favorable conditions for work and life, recreation and physical education, the organization of healthy and nutritious nutrition for various groups, environmental improvement, and the improvement of well-being and living conditions of the population.
Health, population health, physical development, disease prevention, factors shaping health, value of health.
ELEVANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRITIONAL OBESITY IN METABOLISM DISORDERS
Obesity is a multifactorial condition whose development involves, in addition to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, various neurohumoral mechanisms and environmental factors. A high-calorie diet and a sedentary lifestyle are among the most important causes of obesity. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess accumulation of body fat, which poses a health risk and is a major risk factor for a number of other chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). [1].
SURGICAL GUIDES FOR IMPROVING DENTAL IMPLANTATION
This article analyzes complications that may arise during dental implantation and measures to eliminate them using surgical guides. Methods for preventing and treating complications using surgical guides are presented.
Dental implantation, Surgical guide, Aesthetics, Function.
CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF PRIMARY NASOLACRIMAL DUCT PROBING FAILURE IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION
Purpose. To identify clinical and anamnestic factors associated with failure of primary nasolacrimal duct probing in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). Materials and Methods. A retrospective study was conducted involving 48 children with CNLDO who underwent primary nasolacrimal duct probing between 20XX and 20XX. Clinical variables analyzed included age at surgery, disease laterality, history of dacryocystitis, and duration of symptoms prior to intervention. Treatment success was defined as complete resolution of epiphora and mucopurulent discharge without the need for additional surgical procedures during follow-up. Patients were divided into successful and failed probing groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The overall success rate of primary probing was 83,3% (40/48), while treatment failure requiring additional intervention occurred in 16,7% (8/48) of patients. Children with unsuccessful outcomes were significantly older than those with successful outcomes (17,4±5,1 / 10,7±4,8 months, p=0,002). Age greater than 12 months was significantly associated with probing failure (75,0% / 27,5%, p=0,011). Bilateral disease (50,0% / 12,5%, p=0,018), a history of dacryocystitis (62,5% / 25,0%, p=0,042), and symptom duration exceeding six months (87,5% / 35,0%, p=0,008) were also significantly more frequent among patients with failed primary probing. Conclusion. Primary nasolacrimal duct probing is a highly effective treatment for CNLDO. However, older age at intervention, bilateral involvement, previous dacryocystitis, and prolonged symptom duration are associated with an increased risk of treatment failure. Recognition of these factors may improve preoperative risk stratification and facilitate individualized treatment planning in children with CNLDO.
MINT PLANT AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN MEDICINE
Mint is widely distributed in the conditions of Uzbekistan. As is well known, due to its numerous beneficial properties, mint has been used since ancient times both as a culinary herb and in traditional medicine. In Ancient Greece, mint was considered a symbol of hospitality. The ancient Romans sprinkled mint water in banquet halls to improve mood and create a pleasant atmosphere. Mint is very rich in vitamins A and C, B vitamins, iron, manganese, folic acid, and even calcium. It is used to facilitate breathing, relieve pain, improve digestion, and alleviate dyspepsia and abdominal bloating. Mint infusions and mint leaves are used to improve the functioning of the digestive system, particularly as choleretic and antispasmodic agents. Mint oil is also beneficial for respiratory health.
Lamiaceae family, menthol, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, infusion.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TESTES FOLLOWING DOMESTIC GAS POISONING AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM
This scientific article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the morphological transformations occurring within testicular tissues under the combined pathological influence of chronic alcoholism and acute household gas poisoning. The simultaneous exposure to chronic ethanol toxicity and acute carbon monoxide or hydrocarbon inhalation induces profound hypoxic conditions, severe oxidative stress, and structural disruptions in the male reproductive system. Histological examinations reveal extensive degradation of the seminiferous tubules, a significant reduction in spermatogenic epithelial cells, cellular vacuolation, and interstitial edema. Furthermore, the Leydig cells exhibit distinct dystrophic alterations, which directly correlates with a decline in endocrine function and impaired spermatogenesis. The findings underscore the synergistic detrimental effects of these two toxic agents, highlighting a accelerated pathway toward male infertility and gonadal dysfunction.
Chronic alcoholism, household gas, acute poisoning, testes, morphological changes, spermatogenesis, hypoxic damage, testicular tissue.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS AND IMPROPER NUTRITION IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN (0–5 YEARS OLD)
This article analyzes the factors contributing to the decrease in hemoglobin levels, specifically the onset of anemia, in preschool children (aged 0–5) and its correlation with malnutrition. The paper provides a scientific and theoretical exploration of factors such as the mechanisms of iron deficiency formation in the child's body, inadequate and unbalanced diets, micronutrient deficiencies, and the nutritional literacy of parents. Furthermore, based on the perspectives of various scientists in the fields of child physiology, pediatrics, and nutritional hygiene, approaches aimed at preventing hemoglobin decline are analyzed. The importance of establishing a healthy nutrition system for children, incorporating iron-rich foods, and implementing preventive measures is justified. The findings hold significant scientific and practical value for improving the health of preschool children.
Hemoglobin, anemia, iron deficiency, preschool age, malnutrition, child health, micronutrients, dietary ration, pediatrics, prevention.
Sulaymonova Durdonakhon Bakhtiyorjon qizi
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BISMUTH TRICALCIUM DICITRATE IN THE TREATMENT OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) refers to functional diseases in which the pathogenesis of the development of symptoms cannot be explained by organic causes. According to modern concepts, IBS is a psychosocial disorder with impaired visceral sensitivity and intestinal motor activity, due to or lowering the pain threshold, or an increase in the intensity of the sensation of pain impulses at a normal threshold of their perception. IBS is considered one of the most common diseases of the internal organs. Among the adult population 10- 20% of individuals have relevant IBS symptoms. According to the results of most epidemiological studies, women suffer from this disease approximately 2 times more often men. The peak incidence occurs at the most active working age - from 24 years to 41 years.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastrointestinal tract (GIT), bowel movements, abdominal pain, intestinal motility, changes in stool frequency and shape.
TREATMENT OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS DISEASES BASED ON MODERN TECHNOLOGIES
This work analyzes the processes of diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis using modern medical technologies. The study highlights the role of digital medicine, artificial intelligence-based diagnostics, elastography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bioinformatics approaches in clinical practice. It also examines the importance of modern technologies in early detection of the disease, improving treatment effectiveness, and monitoring patient conditions.
Liver cirrhosis; digital medicine; artificial intelligence diagnostics; MRI; CT; elastography; telemedicine; biomarkers; clinical monitoring; hepatology; computer technologies.
METHODS OF COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSIS OF DOLICHOSIGMA DISEASE IN CHILDREN
This article analyzes comparative diagnostic methods of dolichosigma in children. The clinical manifestations, radiological examinations, ultrasound investigations, and laboratory diagnostic methods are described. The study emphasizes that early and accurate diagnosis plays an important role in increasing the effectiveness of treatment and preventing complications.
Dolichosigma, pediatric diseases, differential diagnosis, constipation, irrigography, diagnostics, pediatrics.
DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT EMISSIONS: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN (ANALYSIS FOR 2020–2024)
In recent years, air pollution has become a pressing issue at both global and national levels. This article examines the dynamics of atmospheric pollutant emissions in Uzbekistan during 2020–2024 from the perspective of the interrelationship between economic activity, human well-being, and environmental policy. The study is based on national statistical data and highlights the decline during the pandemic period as well as the subsequent recovery processes. The results indicate a 6.2% reduction in total emissions, confirming the effectiveness of environmental policy and technological modernization. The paper also analyzes regional disparities, sectoral factors, and the growth of environmental awareness, and proposes practical recommendations for the transition to a green economy.
Air pollution, environmental statistics, sustainable development, emissions, industry, energy efficiency, regional disparities, green economy, environmental policy.
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE IN MDR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Despite significant advances in modern medicine, tuberculosis continues to be one of the leading causes of infectious morbidity and mortality in the world. MDR tuberculosis of the lungs is particularly dangerous, characterized by the resistance of mycobacteria to the main anti-tuberculosis drugs. This form of the disease is characterized by a severe clinical course, a high incidence of complications and an unfavorable prognosis. The development of neurological complications in MDR pulmonary tuberculosis depends on a number of factors. The most significant of these are considered to be the duration of the disease, the prevalence of the tuberculosis process, the severity of respiratory failure and the degree of chronic intoxication.
MDR tuberculosis, central nervous system, neuroimaging, electroencephalography, hypoxia, neurological complications, brain.
NURSING PROCESS IN MAINTAINING THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE POPULATION
This article discusses the importance of the nursing process in maintaining and improving the mental health of the population. It highlights the role of nurses in assessing patients’ psychological conditions, identifying mental health problems, planning appropriate care, implementing nursing interventions, and evaluating treatment outcomes. The study emphasizes the significance of effective communication, psychological support, preventive measures, and community-based healthcare services in promoting mental well-being. Furthermore, the article examines modern approaches and strategies used in nursing practice to enhance the quality of mental healthcare services.
Mental health, nursing process, psychological support, community nursing, healthcare services, mental well-being, nursing care, patient assessment, prevention, rehabilitation.
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FEATURES OF CARDIORENAL SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
Violation of the kidney filtration function is common enough among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially against disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (IGM). Renal dysfunction (PD) is associated with more frequent development of cardiovascular complications. In turn, the probability of the development of renal disease in patients with cardiovascular disease is significantly higher than in the general population. These bidirectional pathogenetic mechanisms existing between cardiovascular and kidney diseases were the basis for the formation of the cardiorenal syndrome concept. The review discusses the general parts of pathogenesis within the cardiovascular continuum. In addition, it shows the effect on metabolic disorders during CVD combined with renal dysfunction. The review reveals a recent view on the main mechanisms of cardiorenal syndrome.
CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC FEATURES OF POST-VACCINATION COMPLICATIONS IN CHILDREN AND IMPROVEMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC METHODS
Most post-vaccination reactions have a benign and transient course, however, in some cases, neurological, allergic and systemic complications may develop that require timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment. The article examines modern ideas about the pathogenesis, clinical and neurological manifestations of post-vaccination complications in children, highlights the methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, and presents the principles of a differentiated approach to patient therapy and rehabilitation. The development of post-vaccination complications is associated with a complex interaction of immunological, inflammatory and neurometabolic processes.
Post-vaccination complications, young children, neurological disorders, diagnosis, treatment.
ROLE OF MEDICAL THERMOGRAPHY IN DETECTING NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND NERVE DYSFUNCTION
Medical thermography, particularly digital infrared thermal imaging, has emerged as a promising non-invasive diagnostic modality in neurology and pain medicine. Neuropathic pain and nerve dysfunction are frequently associated with abnormalities in autonomic regulation, vascular control, and tissue metabolism, all of which influence skin temperature distribution. Infrared thermography detects these changes by measuring emitted infrared radiation from the body surface. The physiological basis, clinical applications, diagnostic significance, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of medical thermography in detecting neuropathic pain and nerve dysfunction.
Infrared thermography, neuropathic pain, nerve dysfunction, digital infrared thermal imaging, diabetic neuropathy, autonomic nervous system.
AGE-RELATED FEATURES OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Peptic ulcer disease is widespread worldwide, accounting for 10-15% of all gastrointestinal diseases. Gastric and duodenal ulcers are among the most common diseases, affecting 7-10% of the adult population. This literature review discusses current views on the pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcers, including the role of Helicobacter pylori infection, in patients of various age groups. The pathogenetic characteristics and clinical and morphological manifestations of peptic ulcer disease in young and elderly individuals are examined in detail.
Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, age, Helicobacter pylori, pathogenesis.
IMPROVING CASE-BASED PEDIATRICS TEACHING METHODOLOGY THROUGH AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
This article examines the theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of improving pediatric teaching through clinical cases and an integrative approach. The relevance of this topic is determined by the need to prepare future physicians for comprehensive clinical thinking, interdisciplinary analysis of a child's condition, and the selection of sound diagnostic, treatment, and preventive tactics, taking into account age-related, anatomical, physiological, psychological, pedagogical, and social factors. The role of the clinical case as an educational model combining fundamental knowledge, clinical disciplines, preventive pediatrics, communication skills, and an evidence-based approach is substantiated. A methodological structure for the lesson is proposed, including preliminary preparation, group discussion, interdisciplinary data interpretation, decision-making, reflection, and assessment of student competencies.
Pediatrics, clinical cases, integrative education, teaching methods, clinical thinking, medical education, competent education, mejdistdisciplinarnost, practical skills, assessment.
CLINICAL COURSE AND TREATMENT PRINCIPLES OF PNEUMONIA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age globally, with an incidence of 15-20 cases per 1,000 children in those under three years. This study evaluates the clinical manifestations, etiological spectrum, and therapeutic approaches in 84 hospitalized children aged 1 month to 3 years diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia in Fergana, Uzbekistan. Findings reveal that bacterial etiology predominated in 61.9% of cases, with Streptococcus pneumoniae identified most frequently. High-dose amoxicillin therapy demonstrated clinical resolution in 78.6% of uncomplicated cases within 5-7 days. Severity stratification and early targeted antibiotic therapy significantly reduced complication rates and hospital stay duration.
Pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, early childhood, Streptococcus pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, amoxicillin, antibiotic therapy, lobar consolidation, bronchopneumonia, fever, tachypnea, C-reactive protein, leukocytosis, oxygen saturation, pulmonary infiltration.
TECHNOLOGY OF DEVELOPING REFLECTIVE CULTURE IN UROLOGIST-PHYSICIANS WITHIN AN INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
This article examines technology-driven approaches to cultivating reflective culture among urologist-physicians in innovative educational environments. Using structured pedagogical frameworks and simulation-based methods, the research evaluates measurable shifts in professional self-assessment, clinical decision-making, and continuous learning behavior among urology residents undergoing competency-based training programs over a 12-month observational period.
Reflective culture, urologist, innovative educational environment, competency-based medical education, simulation-based training, professional self-regulation, clinical reflexivity, metacognitive awareness, deliberate practice, digital portfolio, pedagogical technology, formative assessment, surgical skill acquisition, professional identity formation, continuous professional development.
BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN ZOONOTIC AND HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTION CONTROL
Bacterial pathogens operating across zoonotic and nosocomial transmission interfaces present compounding public health challenges that single-sector control frameworks consistently fail to address. This article integrates epidemiological evidence on bacterial zoonoses - including brucellosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, and tularemia - with data on healthcare-associated infections driven by antimicrobial-resistant organisms, examining shared transmission determinants and common pathogen ecology. The convergence of agricultural intensification, environmental contamination, and healthcare system vulnerabilities creates conditions in which pathogens establish multi-reservoir persistence. Evidence-based synthesis of One Health surveillance architectures, biosecurity interventions, and antimicrobial stewardship programs identifies coordinated control strategies that address both community-level zoonotic burden and institutional nosocomial risk simultaneously.
Bacterial zoonoses, nosocomial infections, antimicrobial resistance, One Health, transmission dynamics, biosecurity, brucellosis, salmonellosis, ESBL, leptospirosis, healthcare-associated infections, surveillance, tularemia, epidemiology, infection control.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL HAZARD OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS CURRENT THREATS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms constitute one of the gravest threats to contemporary global public health, responsible for 1.27 million attributable deaths annually. This article examines the epidemiological burden of antimicrobial resistance, resistance transmission mechanisms, the clinical significance of ESKAPE pathogens in nosocomial settings, and evidence-based infection control and antibiotic stewardship strategies applicable to Central Asian healthcare institutions.
Antimicrobial resistance, ESKAPE pathogens, spongiofibrosis, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, carbapenem resistance, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, multidrug-resistant organisms, nosocomial infection, horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic stewardship, epidemiological surveillance.
MODERN APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URETHRAL STRICTURES
Urethral stricture remains one of the most clinically challenging conditions in reconstructive urology, demanding precise diagnostic evaluation and individualized treatment selection. This article reviews contemporary diagnostic modalities and surgical techniques - including drug-coated balloon dilation, buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty, and endoscopic urethrotomy - with emphasis on comparative outcome data and evidence-based treatment algorithms from current international guidelines.
Urethral stricture, spongiofibrosis, retrograde urethrography, uroflowmetry, cystourethroscopy, direct visual internal urethrotomy, urethroplasty, buccal mucosal graft, anastomotic urethroplasty, drug-coated balloon, paclitaxel dilation, stricture recurrence, urethral reconstruction, substitution urethroplasty, voiding cystourethrography.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF INFLUENZA AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY, MECHANISMS, AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) represent among the most significant recurring public health challenges worldwide, imposing substantial morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden on populations across all income settings. Worldwide, annual seasonal influenza affects up to 1 billion people and causes 3-5 million severe cases and up to 650,000 deaths related to respiratory causes. The seasonal nature of these infections - driven by a convergence of environmental, virological, and behavioral factors - follows predictable yet complex patterns that vary by hemisphere, climate zone, pathogen type, and host population. This article provides a comprehensive, evidence-based review of the seasonal epidemiology of influenza and ARVI, examining the environmental and immunological mechanisms underlying seasonal peaks, the comparative epidemiology of major respiratory viruses, patterns in high-risk populations, and current evidence on vaccination and antiviral prophylaxis as control measures. Understanding these patterns is foundational to designing effective surveillance systems and preventive strategies.
Influenza, acute respiratory viral infection, seasonality, epidemiology, transmission, humidity, vaccination, antiviral therapy, surveillance, prevention.
ORGANIZATION OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER PREVENTION IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the current organizational framework of endometrial cancer prevention in Uzbekistan. The study analyzes screening coverage, stage distribution at diagnosis, risk factor profiles, and diagnostic resource availability across four regional oncological facilities over a five-year period. Evidence-based recommendations for systemic reform of preventive care infrastructure are proposed to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Endometrial cancer, uterine body cancer, cancer prevention, screening, early detection, risk factors, adenocarcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia, transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, oncogynecology, Uzbekistan healthcare, cancer registry, prophylactic examination, metabolic syndrome.