Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research
Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research is an open access peer reviewed international journal. It covers all areas of the social sciences, economics, and humanities. We adhere to the scientific standards by following a rigorous peer-review process. Any submission reporting scientifically accurate and valuable research will be considered for publication. We welcome empirical studies, theoretical articles, case studies, methodological articles and literature reviews. Our scope is inclusive: we encourage multi- and inter-disciplinary work as well as new and experimental forms of research, replication studies and negative findings. All submissions will be evaluated based on their scientific and methodological validity and robustness of research. As an open access journal, all articles will be immediately and permanently available for authors and readers to read, download, cite and share. The journal aims to be a meeting point for researchers at every stage of their career. One of our guiding principles is to make the publishing process accessible to everyone doing sound science, including first-time authors, early career researchers, and those from underrepresented groups and geographical areas The journal publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory. The journal also covers the physical education, sports and sports science related articles. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3803 IFSIJ JIF: 7.775 Journal Abbreviation: Web humanit.
THE PHENOMENON OF SPIRITUAL ALIENATION AMONG YOUTH IN MODERN SOCIETY
This article examines the phenomenon of spiritual alienation among youth in contemporary society and analyzes its causes, manifestations, and consequences. The rapid processes of globalization, digitalization, urbanization, and cultural transformation have significantly influenced young people’s value systems, social relationships, and identity formation. The study explores the impact of social media, consumer culture, virtual communication, and changing moral standards on the spiritual development of youth. Particular attention is given to the role of education, family, and cultural institutions in preventing spiritual alienation and strengthening moral values. The findings suggest that while modern society offers unprecedented opportunities for personal development and self-expression, it also creates conditions that may weaken spiritual awareness, cultural identity, and social connectedness among young people.
Spiritual alienation, youth, modern society, moral values, digitalization, globalization, cultural identity, social media, value transformation, youth development.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION STANDARDS IN THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF FERGANA REGION: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS
This article chronologically analyzes the historical processes, stages, and results of integrating international communication standards into the communication network of the Fergana region from the late XIX to the early XXI centuries. The research examines the transition from traditional postal and telegraph services to modern telecommunication systems, focusing on how global technological standards were adapted to the regional infrastructure. Based on archival documents and historical facts, the paper highlights the socio-economic impacts of these technological upgrades, the role of international norms in modernizing the regional communication network, and the integration of the Fergana Valley into the global information space during the years of Independence.
Fergana region, communication system, international standards, postal-telegraph, telecommunications, infrastructure, technological modernization, historical experience.
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF RENDERING RUSSIAN REALIA IN THE TRANSLATIONS BY CHOLPON
The article examines how Abdulhamid Cholpon (1897-1938) carried Russian realia into Uzbek when he translated Pushkin, Gogol and Gorky and, through Russian, Shakespeare. Drawing on the realia theory of S. Vlakhov and S. Florin and on J. F. Aixela's account of culture-specific items, it traces two recurring solutions, the sound-based transcription of ranks and proper names and the substitution of everyday items by Arabic and Persian words already settled in Uzbek. The choices are read against I. Even-Zohar's polysystem reasoning, which explains why translation held a central position in the young Uzbek literature of the 1920s and 1930s.
Realia, culture-specific items, literary translation, Cholpon, Russian classics, Uzbek literature, foreignization, domestication, transcription, polysystem.
ALIGNING MULTIPLE TRANSLATIONS IN AN AUTHOR PARALLEL CORPUS OF A. S. PUSHKIN POETRY
The article presents a method for aligning several published English translations of one Pushkin poem against the Russian source within an author parallel corpus. As material, two anchor texts are used, namely the opening stanza of Eugene Onegin in eight verse translations (H. Spalding 1881 through S. Mitchell 2008) and the lyric Ya vas lyubil in twenty English versions. Comparing five alignment algorithms (W. Gale and K. Church 1993, R. Moore 2002, HunAlign 2005, Bleualign 2010, Vecalign 2019), the study records 0.90 F1 for Vecalign on the reference benchmark. Stand-off TEI P5 encoding stores line-level correspondences across all translations at once.
Author parallel corpus; sentence alignment; verse translation; Eugene Onegin; Pushkin; Vecalign; HunAlign; TEI P5; multi-text alignment; translation studies.
UZBEKISTAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO VICTORY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR: UNITY ON THE FRONTLINE AND THE HOME FRONT
This article examines Uzbekistan’s contribution to victory during the Second World War through the prism of the unity between the frontline and the home front. Drawing upon historical sources, it highlights military mobilization in the republic, the participation of Uzbekistani citizens in major theaters of military operations, the transition of industry and agriculture to a wartime footing, the activities of the labor front, evacuation processes, and the functioning of science, education, and culture under wartime conditions. The study also analyzes new historiographical approaches and contemporary memory policies related to the war. It argues that Uzbekistan’s role in the war was determined not only by its direct military participation but also by the unity of economic, social, and spiritual factors that collectively contributed to victory.
Second World War, Uzbekistan, frontline, home front, mobilization, labor front, evacuation, industry, agriculture, historical memory, Victory.
COGNITIVE AND STYLISTIC ASPECTS OF TRANSLATING SIMILE WITH STRATEGIES AND EXAMPLES
This paper examines how similes are identified and translated in modern fantasy literature, using Leigh Bardugo’s novel Crooked Kingdom as a case study. In fantasy, similes are not just decorative elements also they are essential tools that help readers understand unfamiliar, invented worlds by comparing them to real-life experiences. With studying a number of strategies, a translator may choose which one will be appropriate in each situation. It explores how original images and ideas change when moving into a new language and culture. Ultimately, the paper shows how a translator can keep the author's unique style while making sure the story remains natural for the target reader.
Modern fantasy, simile translation, Crooked Kingdom, cognitive linguistics, translation strategies, world-building.
MEDIA SPACE AND SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS: MODERN TRENDS AND FACTORS OF TRANSFORMATION OF YOUTH VALUES
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the mechanisms of interaction between the media space and social consciousness, the impact of modern information and communication technologies on the transformation of youth values, and the main trends and factors of this process. The study examines the impact of digital media, social networks and the virtual environment on the worldview, national value system and social behavior of Uzbek youth. Using content analysis, questionnaires and observation methods, the main directions of change in youth values were identified, conclusions of pedagogical and social significance were formulated, and practical recommendations were developed.
Media space, social consciousness, youth values, value transformation, digital media, social networks, media influence, national identity, information environment, pedagogy.
PRESENTING WORKS OF APPLIED ART IN MUSEUMS THROUGH MODERN TECHNOLOGIES
This article highlights current issues in presenting works of applied art in museums through modern technologies. It analyzes the importance of multimedia tools, digital technologies, virtual and augmented reality, interactive exhibitions, and 3D modeling methods in museum work. The role of innovative technologies in promoting national examples of applied art and conveying them to the younger generation is also explained on a scholarly basis.The article also discusses how many museums, drawing on the experience of museums in a number of developed countries, are developing new approaches to preserving and displaying works of applied art through the use of modern technologies. It further examines the practical work being carried out in this area at the Ichan-Qal'a State Museum-Reserve. Information is provided on the importance of presenting tangible cultural heritage through innovative methods in order to widely promote the history, culture, and art of our country.
Museum, applied art, modern technologies, cultural heritage, exhibitions.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: ITS ESSENCE, CORE PRINCIPLES, AND ROLE IN INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY
This article reveals that scientific knowledge is one of the continuous and complex processes of human thought. It examines how scientific knowledge manifests itself as the most important instrument for human understanding of the surrounding environment, society, and oneself, and analyzes how, in this process, a person assimilates new information through experience, observation, and analysis, then generalizes it to form new concepts. It is argued that scientific knowledge, grounded in the principles of objectivity, validity, logical consistency, and systematicity, enriches existing knowledge and opens pathways to new discoveries. Accordingly, the article contends that scientific knowledge is not merely a means of acquiring knowledge, but also one of the most important factors ensuring the intellectual and spiritual development of humanity.
Knowledge, scientific knowledge, innovation, objectivity, validity, logical consistency, systematicity.
THE “POLLUTER PAYS” PRINCIPLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR UZBEKISTAN
This article is devoted to examining the necessity of introducing the polluter pays principle into the environmental law system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as highlighting its beneficial and significant aspects. The importance of this principle, which is widely applied in many developed countries, is thoroughly discussed, and its advantages are demonstrated through several practical examples. In order to assess the feasibility of applying this principle in the Republic of Uzbekistan, information is provided on its key advantages and effectiveness. The principle is also analyzed from the perspective of human rights. Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness of this principle in addressing the current environmental situation within the territory of the Republic. The author seeks to discuss the relevance of this issue based on scientific and theoretical foundations and to conduct an in-depth study.
Polluter pays principle, environmental law, environmental protection, environmental liability, environmental damage, financial and legal responsibility, fundamental principle.
THE CONCEPT OF DISCOURSE: LINGUISTIC, PRAGMATIC, AND SEMIOTIC APPROACHES
This article examines theoretical interpretations of the concept of discourse within linguistic, pragmatic, and semiotic approaches. The relationship of discourse with text, speech, communicative situations, and extralinguistic factors is analyzed through the perspectives of various linguists. The study also explores the role of discourse in the anthropocentric paradigm, pragmalinguistics, and cognitive linguistics, highlighting its national-cultural and social characteristics. Furthermore, attention is given to the significance of discourse in communicative activity and to current issues in discourse analysis within contemporary linguistics.
Discourse, pragmalinguistics, communicative process.
DIGITAL GENERATION AND TOURISM: TRANSFORMING EDUCATION AND THE LABOR MARKET FOR GENERATION Z IN UZBEKISTAN
The article examines the role of Generation Z in Uzbekistan’s tourism and cultural heritage sector. It analyzes Gen Z’s characteristics as digital natives who prioritize authenticity, flexibility, work-life balance, and visual content. The author highlights the gap between traditional education and Gen Z’s needs, proposing practical reforms including digital technologies (VR/AR), dual education, storytelling, and digital marketing skills. The paper stresses that human creativity and emotional intelligence remain irreplaceable in tourism.
Generation Z, tourism education, Uzbekistan, cultural heritage, educational reform, digital natives, work-life balance, digital marketing.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY
The article examines the theoretical aspects of studying information and communication terminology in the context of the digitalization of modern society. The influence of information and communication technologies on the development of the lexical system of language and the formation of specialized ICT terminology is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of defining the term, its grammatical nature, and the main approaches to the study of terminological units in modern linguistics. The study investigates the most productive word-formation methods of information and communication vocabulary, including borrowing, abbreviation, clipping, and univerbation. The paper also discusses the peculiarities of the functioning of professionalisms and colloquial elements in digital communication.
Information and communication terminology, term, terminology, ICT, digitalization, professionalisms, word formation, computational linguistics, borrowings, digital communication.
GENDER SPECIFICITY OF THE FORMATION OF YOUTH LIFE POSITIONS IN THE GLOBAL INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT
The rapid development of the global information environment has significantly transformed the worldview, social behavior, values, and life positions of young people. In the modern digital era, information technologies, social networks, virtual communication, and global media platforms have become the main factors influencing youth consciousness and socialization. At the same time, the impact of the information environment on young people differs according to gender characteristics, social roles, cultural norms, and opportunities for participation in digital space. This article analyzes the gender-specific aspects of the formation of youth life positions in the global information environment from a sociological perspective. The research examines the influence of digital media, online communication, information consumption, cyber risks, gender stereotypes, and digital inequality on young men and women. The article also explores international experiences and the socio-cultural conditions of Uzbekistan in shaping youth life positions under globalization. The study is based on sociological theories, comparative analysis, gender approaches, and contemporary empirical data. The findings demonstrate that the information environment simultaneously creates new opportunities for self-realization and new risks related to identity, values, and social adaptation. The article emphasizes the necessity of inclusive gender-sensitive approaches in developing youth policy and media literacy.
Global information environment, youth, gender specificity, life position, digital socialization, media influence, gender stereotypes, digital inequality, social networks, youth policy.
HISTORICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL - VALEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN HEAITH PROTECTION
This article examines the historical heritage of healthy lifestyle formation and the principles of modern pedagogical valeology. The study analyzes the ancient philosophy of the East and West, Islamic culture, and the contemporary experiences of countries such as Japan and China in promoting public health. It scientifically substantiates the role of pedagogical valeology in developing health preservation skills from childhood, the significance of physical activity in reducing mortality risks, and its place within the social policy of the state.
Healthy lifestyle, pedagogical valeology, physical education, Japanese experience, social health, bioethics, prevention, human capital, valeological education
CYBERFRAUD AND CYBERSECURITY: MODERN THREATS, LEGAL BASIS AND GLOBAL APPROACHES
In this article modern information and communication technologies development under the circumstances cyber fraud of crimes legal nature , criminological features and their social danger level analysis Also , cyberspace and on the internet happened being done crimes , their economic and legal consequences and there is protection systems efficiency studied. In the study national and international legislation norms , scientific views and cyber fraud against to fight modern approaches analysis in the field there is problems eliminate to grow according to scientific based offers working released.
Cyber fraud, cybercrime, cybersecurity, cyberspace, information and communication technologies, internet, information security, digital economy, crime law, transnational crime, electronic payment systems, legal order international cooperation, information systems, criminological analysis.
EFFECTIVE USAGE OF STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AS A KEY DRIVER OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING SECTOR
This research evaluates the strategic governance and financial trajectory of joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan, focusing on "Trastbank" PJSB as a primary case study from 2015 to 2024. The study examines how the integration of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and independent oversight has facilitated a transition toward a capital-fortress model, characterized by reduced leverage and enhanced solvency. Through a longitudinal analysis, the findings demonstrate that institutional autonomy and transparency have been the fundamental catalysts for sustaining high ROE/ROA profitability levels despite the inherent volatility of an emerging market. Ultimately, the paper concludes that Trastbank’s governance framework serves as a critical benchmark for the modernization of financial entities, proving that shareholder-focused management is essential for long-term institutional resilience.
Joint-stock company, Trastbank, Corporate Governance, Financial Resilience, Uzbekistan Banking Sector, Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Strategic Analysis, Capital Structure.
MODELS OF WELL-WISHING AS A REFLECTION OF CULTURAL VALUES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (BASED ON INFORMAL WEDDING CONGRATULATIONS)
The article examines the genre of congratulations in English as a specific type of speech act characterized by stable structural, semantic, and pragmatic features. Based on corpus analysis (COCA, BNC) and discourse analysis, typical lexico-grammatical patterns, communicative strategies, and cultural features of English-language congratulations are identified. It is demonstrated that this genre reflects key values of English-speaking culture – individualism, positivity, and ritualization – while performing an important function in maintaining social ties and interpersonal interaction.
Congratulation, well-wishing, speech genre, speech act, cultural values, individualism, collectivism, politeness, pragmatics, wedding congratulations, social distance, gender, age.
THE FUTURE OF LEADERSHIP: WILL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REPLACE HUMAN MANAGERS OR SUPPORT THEIR MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES?
This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on contemporary management practice. The study is grounded in global statistical data, corporate reports, and surveys conducted across 12 countries spanning the period 2023 to 2025. The article examines the opportunities and limitations of AI technologies in management, models of collaboration with human managers, and anticipated transformations in the near future. The findings demonstrate that AI is not capable of fully replacing human managers; rather, through the formation of a hybrid management model, it can substantially enhance managerial effectiveness. These conclusions carry practical significance for organizational leaders, human resource professionals, and policymakers.
Artificial intelligence, leadership, management, hybrid model, digital transformation, human-machine collaboration, organizational effectiveness, future labor market.
THE MANIFESTATION OF LEGAL AWARENESS IN THE SPIRITUAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY
This article is devoted to the study of the issue of the manifestation of legal awareness in the spiritual renewal of society. This article provides a comparative analysis of the issue of Eastern and Western democracy and studies the fact that Eastern democracy is an expression of the development of legal awareness. The role of legal awareness in the spiritual renewal and spiritual elevation of the renewing Uzbek society, the specific features of its manifestation are shown.
Civil society, law, legal awareness, legal culture, spirituality, spiritual foundations.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PEER FEEDBACK VS TEACHER FEEDBACK ON PRONUNCIATION DEVELOPMENT
This study explores the goods of an automated corrective feedback- grounded peer assessment approach on learners’ pronunciation development, provocation, and tone- regulated literacy in a foreign language environment. predicated in constructivist and pupil- centred perspectives, aquasi-experimental design was conducted with undergraduate scholars learning French, who were assigned to experimental and control groups. While the experimental group engaged in AI- supported feedback integrated with structured peer assessment conditioning, the control group entered conventional schoolteacher- led feedback. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, questionnaires, and interviews to capture both performance issues and learner comprehensions. The findings suggest that the integration of automated feedback with peer assessment contributes to conspicuous advancements in pronunciation performance and supports the development of natural provocation and tone-nonsupervisory chops. Although foreign provocation remained largely innocent, scholars in the experimental group displayed advanced situations of engagement, autonomy, and reflective literacy practices. Qualitative results farther indicate that learners appreciated the proximity, clarity, and substantiated nature of feedback, as well as the occasion to laboriously share in cooperative evaluation processes.
Constructive assessment, provocation, tone-regulated literacy, metacognitive mindfulness, self-regulated learning.
INFORMATION SOCIETY AND THE CRISIS OF TRADITIONAL VALUES: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
The emergence of the information society has significantly transformed social structures, communication patterns, and value systems. While digital technologies have increased access to knowledge and global connectivity, they have also contributed to the erosion and reconfiguration of traditional moral and cultural values. This article examines the socio-philosophical dimensions of the crisis of traditional values in the context of the information society. Using a qualitative conceptual analysis based on secondary literature, the study explores how digitalization, media saturation, and algorithmic governance influence moral relativism, identity fragmentation, and cultural hybridization. The findings suggest that the crisis of values is not a complete disappearance of traditional norms but rather a transformation into pluralistic and contested value systems. The article concludes that ethical digital governance and value-oriented education are necessary to stabilize moral frameworks in the information age.
DID ABU HANIFA (RAHIMAHULLAH) ENGAGE IN THE SCIENCE OF HADITH?!
This article analyzes the scholarly legacy of Imam Abu Hanifa (r.h.) in the field of Hadith studies based on classical sources. It highlights the position of hadiths narrated from Abu Hanifa (r.h.) within hadith collections and examines the significance of the works Musnad and Athar in the development of Hadith studies. The findings of the study demonstrate that Imam Abu Hanifa was not only a great jurist but also a recognized scholar in the science of Hadith.
Abu Hanifa (r.h.), Musnad, Athar, Sahih, hadith, Hadith studies, fiqh, narration, qiyas, hadith collections.
MODERN APPROACHES TO HYPERTENSION TREATMENT
Hypertension remains a leading global health concern and a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the pathophysiological mechanisms, epidemiological trends, and current management strategies of hypertension based on recent scientific evidence. The analysis highlights the role of vascular dysfunction, neurohormonal activation, and structural remodeling in the progression of elevated blood pressure and target organ damage. Both non-pharmacological interventions, including dietary modification, physical activity, and lifestyle optimization, and pharmacological therapies are critically assessed. The effectiveness of combination drug therapy and individualized treatment strategies is emphasized in improving clinical outcomes. Additionally, emerging therapeutic approaches, such as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, aldosterone synthase inhibitors, and immunization-based strategies, are discussed. Persistent challenges, including resistant hypertension and treatment adherence, are also addressed. The findings underscore the importance of early diagnosis, continuous monitoring, and integrated, patient-centered care to reduce complications and improve long-term prognosis.
MARKET EQUILIBRIUM IN MICROECONOMICS AND FACTORS AFFECTING ITS CHANGE
This paper analyzes the key and modern factors influencing market equilibrium and its changes in microeconomics. The processes of equilibrium formation and disruption are examined based on the demand and supply model. The impact of factors such as household income, consumer preferences, prices of substitute and complementary goods, government policies, taxes, subsidies, and price controls is discussed. In addition, modern factors such as global supply chains, inflation, digital platforms, and information asymmetry are also analyzed. The results show that market equilibrium is a constantly changing process.
Microeconomics, market equilibrium, demand, supply, price, inflation, subsidy, tax, digital economy, information asymmetry
DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Personal development is no longer measured by the physical accumulation of information, but by the ability to extract necessary, reliable, and useful information from it. In an information-saturated environment, people are under dual pressure: on the one hand, opportunities for acquiring knowledge are expanding, while on the other, manipulative technologies and fake news limit a person's right to make independent decisions. Therefore, media literacy is becoming a prerequisite for personal development. It requires critical thinking and a critical approach to perceiving each piece of information.
Information society, personal development, media literacy, critical thinking, information culture, hygiene of values, manipulation.
TOURIST-RECREATIONAL ZONES - MANAGEMENT MECHANISM OF THE FORM, AND THE NEW YEAR ABROAD EXPERIENCE
This article in the tourist-recreational zo'nalarni management mechanisms of international experience, in particular, developed countries have implemented public-private partnership models, tax benefits and the organizational-legal basis of the analysis is. The article within the framework of the usa, France, Turkey and Spain, like countries in the area of successful strategies bodice out of, of them Uzbekistan conditions of use
Tourist-recreational zones, management mechanism, foreign experience, the cluster approach, investment, recreational resources, public-private partnership.
ASSESSMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS USING VASCULAR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
This article analyzes the characteristics of atherosclerosis development in patients with osteoarthritis and the possibilities for its early detection using vascular Doppler ultrasound. According to contemporary scientific data, osteoarthritis is no longer considered solely a degenerative joint disease but is increasingly recognized as a systemic pathology associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. These inflammatory processes contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through endothelial dysfunction, disturbances in lipid metabolism, and metabolic alterations. The study examines the pathogenetic relationship between osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis, as well as key cardiovascular risk factors. The diagnostic value of vascular Doppler ultrasound in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis is highlighted, including its principal indicators such as intima–media thickness, atherosclerotic plaques, and hemodynamic changes. Analysis of current studies indicates that increased intima–media thickness, vascular structural alterations, and impaired blood flow are frequently observed in patients with osteoarthritis. Additionally, age, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity are identified as significant contributors to cardiovascular risk formation. The noninvasive, safe, and highly informative nature of Doppler ultrasonography supports its widespread application in clinical practice. The use of pie charts in the article allows for a clear visualization of the relative contribution of various factors. In conclusion, early detection and prevention of atherosclerosis in patients with osteoarthritis play a crucial role in reducing cardiovascular complications.
Osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, Doppler ultrasonography, intima–media thickness, subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk, inflammation, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, physical inactivity.
THE GENERATIVE CAPACITIES OF LANGUAGE IN FORMING NEW STRUCTURES
This study examines the generative capacities of language in shaping thought, creating new ideas, and expressing knowledge. It focuses on four core mechanisms – combinatoriality, transformation, analogy, and semantic extension—that underpin linguistic creativity and adaptability. Combinatoriality enables the formation of new meanings through the structured combination of phonemes, morphemes, words, and syntactic constructions, demonstrating language’s internal order and potential for infinite expression. Transformation allows for the reconfiguration of syntactic structures to convey identical meanings in diverse forms, enhancing expressive flexibility across stylistic and pragmatic contexts. Analogy facilitates the creation of new linguistic units based on existing models, reflecting both cognitive strategies in language acquisition and systemic renewal in lexicon development. Semantic extension expands the meanings of existing words across contexts, providing efficiency and adaptability in communication. Together, these mechanisms reveal language as a dynamic, open system capable of aligning with human cognitive and communicative needs. The study highlights how these generative processes collectively support thought formation, idea generation, and systematic knowledge expression, emphasizing the central role of language in cognitive and social functions.
Language generativity, combinatoriality, transformational potential, analogy in language, semantic extension, thought formation, knowledge expression, cognitive linguistics.
PERCEPTION OF RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS BY BILINGUAL STUDENTS: COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS
This article addresses the perception and comprehension of Russian phraseology within the contexts of artificial and natural bilingualism in Uzbekistan. We conducted a comparative analysis of the phraseological corpus, identifying types of interlinguistic equivalence and determining the proportion of non-equivalent units within Uzbekistani school curricula (textbooks for grades 4–6). The article presents the results of an experimental study that identified typical errors in idiom interpretation, such as literal decoding and a lack of background knowledge. Particular attention is paid to the "cultural component" as a primary factor determining language acquisition difficulties. The study demonstrates a direct correlation between the intensity of the linguistic environment and the depth of understanding regarding the figurative structure of speech.
Non-equivalent phraseology, Russian-Uzbek bilingualism, interlinguistic equivalence, cultural component, linguoculturology, interference, linguistic environment, idiom.